BLUF

New research estimates Neanderthal-Homo sapiens mixing occurred 49,000-45,000 years ago, with Neanderthal genes shaping modern human skin pigmentation, immunity, and metabolism. Interbreeding likely occurred in the Middle East, with modern humans having 1-2% Neanderthal DNA.
READ: Genomes reveal timing of Homo sapiens interbreeding with Neanderthals

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