BLUF
China is moving beyond satellite navigation. It is testing biological and magnetic alternatives. Western systems still rely on satellites. This gap weakens crisis stability, erodes advantage, and could shape outcomes if signal denial becomes routine.Learning Outcomes
- Recognise how reliance on satellite navigation creates operational and strategic risk.
- Understand why non-satellite navigation changes assumptions about escalation control.
- Apply lessons to capability planning, prioritising adaptability under degraded conditions.
