BLUF
Spain, Portugal and parts of Southern France suffered a total blackout recently. Accurately identifying its cause —whether digital or natural—is vital to limiting damage, speeding recovery, and protecting essential infrastructure across industries in future.Learning Outcomes
• Identify and analyse the impact of cyber threats — The article explains how cyberattacks and solar storms can mimic each other, complicating efforts to protect infrastructure.
• Understand technology’s impact on strategic operations — It shows how space weather and cyber incidents can paralyse essential systems and highlights gaps in coordination during crisis responses.
