BLUF
Global violence is becoming more frequent and less restrained. States and armed groups are normalising harm to civilians. Data shows protest, insurgency, and conflict spreading—challenging assumptions about stability.Learning Outcomes
- Understand how persistent, low-level violence can reshape risk assumptions in planning and operations.
- Recognise the growing role of state forces in civilian harm and its impact on legitimacy and trust.
- Apply data-driven conflict analysis to anticipate instability beyond declared wars or crises.
