Are autonomous ships and vehicles ‘unmanned’ or ‘uncrewed’?

Summary

Adam James Fenton and Ioannis Chapsos writing in DefenseNews, make the following points:

• In the U.S. Navy, women represent 19% of officers and 20% of enlisted personnel.
• Uncrewed and autonomous vessels will be open to cyber-attack.
• The International Maritime Organisation has a “four degrees of autonomy” framework.
• A Degree Three ship is remotely controlled from another location without mariners.
• A Degree four ship is fully autonomous.

References

Recent Runway Posts related to this topic:

• This Destroyer Is About to Control Unmanned Ships and Aircraft - The Runway (airforce.gov.au)

References from the Web:

• JUN 2022 RAN debuts new high-speed uncrewed surface vessel-Australian Defence Magazine
• AUG 2022 Aboard the autonomous Mariner, the Navy’s latest unmanned surface ship-Breaking Defence
• Autonomous vessels in Australia-Australian Government-Australian Maritime Safety Authority.

Source Information: DefenseNews

• Article Source:  Defense News, Covering the politics, business and technology of defense | Defense News
• Media Check: Media Bias/Fact Check (mediabiasfactcheck.com)/ DefenseNews
• RAAF RUNWAY: RATIONALE, GUIDELINES, LEARNING OUTCOMES, ETC | The Runway (airforce.gov.au)