BLUF

Neanderthals and modern humans interbred, but the Neanderthal Y chromosome is absent in modern humans, possibly due to genetic incompatibilities.

Summary

  1. The Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated around 550,000 to 765,000 years ago.
  2. Interbreeding occurred approximately 47,000 years ago.
  3. Haldane's Rule suggests infertility in Neanderthal-human male hybrids.
  4. Health issues in these males might explain missing Neanderthal Y chromosomes.

References