BLUF
Long wars strain brittle systems. Russia’s campaign shows how hubris, sanctions, and attrition compound over time—eroding economic strength, elite cohesion, and strategic options. History suggests endurance favours adaptable societies, not imperial ambition.Learning Outcomes
- Recognise how prolonged conflict stresses political systems and economies over time.
- Assess the limits of adaptation in resource-dependent states under sustained pressure.
- Apply historical analogies to judge risks in long wars and ceasefire negotiations.
