BLUF
Putin’s growing desperation in Ukraine may drive bolder cyber, hybrid, or limited military attacks on NATO. This article asserts that Europe must respond firmly to deter further aggression, preserve alliance credibility, and reduce escalation risks.Learning Outcomes
- Analyse the factors driving Russia’s increasingly aggressive actions toward NATO.
- Evaluate the role of hybrid warfare, cyber-attacks, and limited military provocations in testing NATO’s resolve, deterrence capabilities, and alliance cohesion.
- Assess potential NATO responses to Russian escalation, including economic sanctions, military reinforcement, and deterrence measures designed to reduce the risk of further conflict or nuclear escalation.
